The study examines the environmental and social impacts of tourism in Boka Kotorska, Montenegro, from the perspectives of residents and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Boka Kotorska, a UNESCO World Heritage site and popular tourist destination, faces significant challenges such as over-tourism, pollution, traffic congestion, and inadequate waste management, especially during peak tourist seasons. The research aims to understand how these issues affect the quality of life for local residents and to explore the role of NGOs in shaping sustainable tourism practices in the region.
A mixed-methods approach was applied, combining surveys with 444 local residents and interviews with four NGOs: DMAD, Green Destinations, Our Action, and Youth Team Tivat. The survey revealed that while residents frequently interact with tourists, they perceive negative environmental impacts such as litter, noise pollution, and overcrowding. However, no direct correlation was found between these perceived environmental impacts and their reported quality of life. Despite this, qualitative data from the interviews highlighted widespread concerns among NGOs about unsustainable tourism practices, including the detrimental effects of cruise ships on the marine ecosystem, water quality, and the structural integrity of Kotor’s historic city walls.
The NGOs provided valuable insights into possible solutions for sustainable tourism. DMAD, for instance, focuses on marine conservation and advocates for reducing cruise ship activity in the bay, promoting adventure tourism, and implementing stricter speed regulations for boats to protect marine life. Green Destinations emphasized the importance of sustainable rural tourism development, incentivizing local farmers, and restricting large cruise ships to reduce environmental degradation. Our Action highlighted the need for improved waste management infrastructure and innovative solutions like converting neglected areas into camper parking spots to attract eco-conscious tourists. Youth Team Tivat proposed strategies for engaging young people in community-building projects and promoting environmental education.
Overall, the findings underscore the need for better planning and enforcement of regulations to manage tourism sustainably. Key recommendations include limiting the number of cruise ships, prioritizing eco-tourism and rural tourism, and fostering collaboration among local stakeholders to address issues such as traffic congestion, waste disposal, and environmental preservation. The study concludes by suggesting future research include perspectives from government officials, tourism companies, and visitors, as well as a demand-side analysis, to develop comprehensive strategies for sustainable tourism that benefit both the local community and the environment.
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